Validity assessment. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis using IBM SPSS Amos 19.0. We assessed the convergent validity of attitudinal and behavioral loyalty on the basis of their factor loadings (>.61), factor reliabilities (>.84), and average variance extracted (>.64) (see Table 3)All values exceeded the common thresholds. To check for discriminant validity, we used Fomell and Larcker's (1981) criterion (see Table 3).