Sudden visual loss is a common complaint with variable presentations among patients of different ages. Some patients describe their symptoms as a gradually descending gray-black curtain or as blurring, fogging, or dimming of vision. Symptoms usually last a few minutes but can persist for hours. Variation in frequency ranges from a single episode to many episodes per day; recurrences may continue for years but more frequently occur over seconds to hours.
Many different causes of sudden visual loss are recognized; however, the most common reason for painless sudden visual loss is ischemia. Ischemia, often via mechanical obstruction, can affect any aspect of the visual system. Those who develop ischemia of the eye often have other evidence of atherosclerotic disease, such as coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease, which increases their susceptibility to ischemic events in other parts of the body. Risk factors include smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension.
Other etiologies of sudden visual loss include infection/inflammation, vasculitis, trauma, mechanical dysfunction, and idiopathic causes.
Ischemia compromises cell metabolism by reducing delivery of oxygen and other important nutrients to tissues. The resulting functional deficit may be temporary or permanent, depending on the degree of damage. Nomenclature of eye ischemia as given by Hedges and others includes the following[1] :
Transient visual obscuration (TVO) - Episodes lasting seconds that are associated with papilledema and increased intracranial pressure
Amaurosis fugax - Brief, fleeting attack of monocular partial or total blindness that lasts seconds to minutes
Transient monocular visual loss (TMVL) or transient monocular blindness (TMB) - A more persistent vision loss that lasts minutes or longer
Transient bilateral visual loss (TBVL) - Episodes affecting one or both eyes or both cerebral hemispheres and causing visual loss
Ocular infarction - Persistent ischemic damage to the eye, resulting in permanent vision loss
Sudden visual loss is a common complaint with variable presentations among patients of different ages. Some patients describe their symptoms as a gradually descending gray-black curtain or as blurring, fogging, or dimming of vision. Symptoms usually last a few minutes but can persist for hours. Variation in frequency ranges from a single episode to many episodes per day; recurrences may continue for years but more frequently occur over seconds to hours.Many different causes of sudden visual loss are recognized; however, the most common reason for painless sudden visual loss is ischemia. Ischemia, often via mechanical obstruction, can affect any aspect of the visual system. Those who develop ischemia of the eye often have other evidence of atherosclerotic disease, such as coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease, which increases their susceptibility to ischemic events in other parts of the body. Risk factors include smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension.Other etiologies of sudden visual loss include infection/inflammation, vasculitis, trauma, mechanical dysfunction, and idiopathic causes.Ischemia compromises cell metabolism by reducing delivery of oxygen and other important nutrients to tissues. The resulting functional deficit may be temporary or permanent, depending on the degree of damage. Nomenclature of eye ischemia as given by Hedges and others includes the following[1] :
Transient visual obscuration (TVO) - Episodes lasting seconds that are associated with papilledema and increased intracranial pressure
Amaurosis fugax - Brief, fleeting attack of monocular partial or total blindness that lasts seconds to minutes
Transient monocular visual loss (TMVL) or transient monocular blindness (TMB) - A more persistent vision loss that lasts minutes or longer
Transient bilateral visual loss (TBVL) - Episodes affecting one or both eyes or both cerebral hemispheres and causing visual loss
Ocular infarction - Persistent ischemic damage to the eye, resulting in permanent vision loss
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