Gramsci’s articulation of hegemony can help explain the formation of new
ideas and norms in relations to the activities of the Confucius Institute that foster the
idea of good friendship between different countries. He clearly links political rule to
the role of new ideas and ideologies. Gramsci (1971, p. 443) refers to hegemony of
the proletariat as the moment when the proletariat becomes the leading and dominant
class, succeeds in creating a system of alliances, and mobilizes the majority of the
working population against capitalism and the bourgeois state based on political,
moral and intellectual conditions (Mouffe 1979, p.178). With the hegemonic class in
control, the state can become an ‘ethical’ state by maximizing the interest and
expansion of the leading class. This is also called the hegemonic moment, which
marks a complete fusion of economic, political, intellectual and moral objectives
introduced by one fundamental group through ‘the negotiation of ideology’ (Mouffe
1979, pp. 196-99). Gramsci’s meaning of ideology is a thought that has psychological