Study limitations
This literature analysis provided evidence for
Leininger's (1991) Cultural Care Theory by showing that
cultural factors have influence on children's pain.
However, the amount of existing literature was fairly
limited which is a challenge for study reliability.
Additionally, children's age varied significantly, which
may have influence on the findings. On the other hand,
fairly similar cultural factors influencing children's pain
have been identified all over the world which provides
evidence for the results of this literature analysis.
Existing studies provided information of values,
practices and traditions influencing children's pain.
However, based on this literature analysis, we do not
know what are the basic, embedded elements in each
culture that lead to beliefs, values and perceptions ofculture would provide a deeper understanding of factors
influencing children's pain. Additionally, several issues,
such as physical punishment can be considered both legal
factors and cultural values. Physical punishment is legally
forbidden in many countries, but also a cultural tradition
in several settings. Therefore, more research is needed to
clarify the relationship between the elements of Cultural
Care Theory
Conclusions
Cultural factors were found to have influence on
children's pain in several ways:
1) Certain cultural factors, such as kinship, religion
and economic resources may promote children's pain
management.
2) Cultural traditions, such as circumcision and
physical abuse may serve as major reasons for children's
pain acceptance, experiences and occurrence.
3) Parents' low level of education and occupation and
living in rural areas may be reasons for children's poor
pain relief and parents' acceptance of pain.
4) Leininger's Cultural Care Theory can be utilised
universally while studying factors influencing children's
pain.
The findings of this study provided challenges for
further research:
1) More cultural research is needed to understand
ethno-history influencing tradition in the context of pain
in different cultures.
2) Research is needed to identify those nursing
interventions that can be utilised to enable the most
effective pain relief in children.
3) Further research should be conducted by using
cultural research methodology.
Study limitations
This literature analysis provided evidence for
Leininger's (1991) Cultural Care Theory by showing that
cultural factors have influence on children's pain.
However, the amount of existing literature was fairly
limited which is a challenge for study reliability.
Additionally, children's age varied significantly, which
may have influence on the findings. On the other hand,
fairly similar cultural factors influencing children's pain
have been identified all over the world which provides
evidence for the results of this literature analysis.
Existing studies provided information of values,
practices and traditions influencing children's pain.
However, based on this literature analysis, we do not
know what are the basic, embedded elements in each
culture that lead to beliefs, values and perceptions ofculture would provide a deeper understanding of factors
influencing children's pain. Additionally, several issues,
such as physical punishment can be considered both legal
factors and cultural values. Physical punishment is legally
forbidden in many countries, but also a cultural tradition
in several settings. Therefore, more research is needed to
clarify the relationship between the elements of Cultural
Care Theory
Conclusions
Cultural factors were found to have influence on
children's pain in several ways:
1) Certain cultural factors, such as kinship, religion
and economic resources may promote children's pain
management.
2) Cultural traditions, such as circumcision and
physical abuse may serve as major reasons for children's
pain acceptance, experiences and occurrence.
3) Parents' low level of education and occupation and
living in rural areas may be reasons for children's poor
pain relief and parents' acceptance of pain.
4) Leininger's Cultural Care Theory can be utilised
universally while studying factors influencing children's
pain.
The findings of this study provided challenges for
further research:
1) More cultural research is needed to understand
ethno-history influencing tradition in the context of pain
in different cultures.
2) Research is needed to identify those nursing
interventions that can be utilised to enable the most
effective pain relief in children.
3) Further research should be conducted by using
cultural research methodology.
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