The victim-donor of THB/OR is not viewed as an element
in the network. As described above, the donors
are generally in a position of vulnerability. In particular,
they lack basic medical knowledge about the
potential consequences of giving up an organ, and
are often misled as to both the nature of the organ
removal surgery and the health consequences. They
are led to a decision to sell an organ through a combination
of their financial desperation and their vulnerability
to deliberately misleading and fraudulent
inducements, as well as coercive factors. The donors
in any particular network may come from a number
of different countries. The trafficking network
in the Medicus Cases recruited donors from at least
eight countries including: Belarus, Israel, Kazakhstan,
Moldova, Poland, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine.140 As
described above, in the description of the modus operandi,
the consequences of organ removal are clearly
negative.
4.5 Organ Reci