Fig. 3 shows the concentrations of sugars (glucose and xylose) and ethanol after fermentation of 48-h substrate hydrolysates by S. cereviseae CAT-1. By comparing the performance of substrates derived from different pretreatment conditions, the highest etha- nol yields were obtained from samples that were water-washed after steam explosion at 200 C for 6 or 10 min (4.27 ± 0.15 mg/mL and 4.25 ± 0.20 mg/mL, respectively) when a total fermentation time of 12 h was used. Other conditions, such as pretreatment at 180 C for 6 min and 190 C for 8 min or