Analysis of the ES database, which included abundance data on both non-native plant and animal species, showed that restoration increased regulation of non-native species by reducing their abundance. This result is different than our finding that restoration increased the diversity of such species, though it should be noted that the biodiversity database contained data on non-native plants but not non-native animals. The abundance of non-native species may decrease rapidly during the restoration process because these species are directly eradicated. However, a reduction in abundance, which reduces the supply of ES, does not necessarily indicate a decrease in species diversity, such as when a habitat contains several rare species in low abundance. Thus, assessment of restoration should take into account both abundance and diversity indicators.