Double muscling may be a predisposing factor to arthrogryposis [109]. Belgian Blue and Charolais
breeds have a high incidence of arthrogryposis. It is a hereditary disorder caused by mutation. Genetic
testing for this disorder, and six other congenital defects (congenital muscular dystonia I and II,
crooked tail syndrome, dwarfism, hamartoma, and prolonged gestation) is frequently conducted in