The risk factors for CF are shown in Table 2. The unadjusted
odds ratios for CF were significant for shoulder dystocia, fetal birth
weight greater than 4000 grams, GDM, multiparity and post-term
pregnancy, protracted labor, and a short second stage of labor. In
the logistic regression model, all of these variables, except fetal
birth weight greater than 4000 grams, were also independently
associated with CF. Fetal birth weight greater than 4250 grams
also increased the risk of CF independently. The risk factors for
BPI are shown in Table 2. Shoulder dystocia, and protracted labor
were independently associated with BPI when controlled for other
factors. Table 3 provides a comparison of neonatal BPI with and
without concomitant shoulder dystocia. Five neonates (12.2%)
with BPI not associated with shoulder dystocia sustained
permanent injury, whereas one neonate (4.5%) with BPI following
shoulder dystocia sustained permanent injury (p =0.34). Other
antepartum and intrapartum characteristics, including concomitant
CF, were similar.