2.1. Materials (chemicals)In this study, oyster shell powder (OSP, ball-milled, marketprice <3.36 $/1 L on August 26 2015) was supplied. Methyleneblue (MB, C16H18ClN3S·3H2O, MW: 373.90 g/mol) as themodel pollutant and low-gelling-temperature agarose for gelpreparation with OSP were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich(MO, USA). Also, manganese (2+) chloride tetrahydrate (ACSreagent, ≥98%, MW: 197.91 g/mol) and iron (3+) chloride hexahydrate(ACS reagent, 97%, MW: 270.30 g/mol), as modelmetal ions detectable in groundwater, also were obtainedfrom Sigma-Aldrich. Carbon nanodots were produced bya polyethylene glycol ultrasonication method modified byLee et al. (Park et al., 2015). A one-dimensional glasschromatography column (SciLab®Duran) was acquired fromDAIHAN Scientific (Korea). Double-distilled water (resistanceof 18.2 M cm@25 ◦C) was utilized in all of the experiments.
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