Ethanol production yield was only 39.8% for untreated strawwhich was increased to 83.2% by treating at the optimum condi-tions (0.5 M, 3 h, and 1:20 solid loading). The results of SSF hadconformity with those of enzymatic hydrolysis. Increasing the pre-treatment times from 1 to 3 h improved the ethanol production,while prolonging the treatment to over 3 h showed no significanteffect. Moreover, there was no considerable difference between thepretreatment with 0.5 and 1 M Na2CO3.