Low back pain is a prevalent disorder in modern society,
with 80% of the population suffering from it at least once in
their life1). Among them, 7–10% will develop chronic low
back pain (CLBP), and 1% will have physical disabilities2).
CLBP is not only painful but also leads to loss of function,
so this condition hampers a healthy lifestyle3). Low back
pain is increasingly seen in patients in their 20s to 40s, especially
due to the economic development of society and
changing working environments4).
Low back pain is caused by a degenerated or damaged
facet joint or sacroiliac joint with soft tissue injury on
the trunk or by lumbar instability from weakened muscle
strength5). Lumbar instability restricts muscle strength, endurance,
flexibility, and active range of motion (AROM).
In particular, patients with CLBP persisting for more than
6 months restrict trunk movement to minimize pain in the
lumbosacral area or leg, which aggravates the level of lumbarmuscle weakness in paraspinal muscles and the multifidus6).
These changes increase lumbar instability and raise
the recurrence of low back pain. Therefore, abdominal and
spinal extensors are crucial in improving lumbar stability.
Patients with CLBP suffer from deteriorated physical
functions and production activities due to weakened muscle
strength in the lumbar region. Therefore, exercises that increase
muscle strength and flexibility are very important for
CLBP patients not only to alleviate low back pain but also
for continued self-care7). In addition, differences in motor
control patterns, such as poor postural control and altered
muscle recruitment pattern, have been reported.
The CORE exercise program involves active participation
to improve lumbar stability by recovering the ability to
control muscles and movements through muscle strengthening8).
The CORE exercise program, suggested by Brill,
focuses on lumbar stabilization by controlling tension of the
lumbo-pelvic-hip joint, thereby maintaining lumbar stability,
strengthening muscles, increasing endurance, and correcting
posture9).
One method of the CORE exercise program focuses on
abdominal respiration. The abdominal respiration method
supplies oxygen smoothly throughout the body and expands
lumbar muscle, thus reducing muscle tension and
stress, which ultimately alleviates fatigue. The CORE exercise
program can easily be conducted at home with almost
no restrictions regarding place, time, and cost, and hasa low risk of injury9). It is designed to suit CLBP patients
by combining traditional yoga movements and exercises
to increase muscle strength and flexibility, and to correct
posture. However, the effectiveness of Brill’s CORE exercise
program on pain and AROM in CLBP patients remains
unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify the
effects of the CORE exercise program on pain at rest and
during movement and on AROM in patients with CLBP.
Low back pain is a prevalent disorder in modern society,
with 80% of the population suffering from it at least once in
their life1). Among them, 7–10% will develop chronic low
back pain (CLBP), and 1% will have physical disabilities2).
CLBP is not only painful but also leads to loss of function,
so this condition hampers a healthy lifestyle3). Low back
pain is increasingly seen in patients in their 20s to 40s, especially
due to the economic development of society and
changing working environments4).
Low back pain is caused by a degenerated or damaged
facet joint or sacroiliac joint with soft tissue injury on
the trunk or by lumbar instability from weakened muscle
strength5). Lumbar instability restricts muscle strength, endurance,
flexibility, and active range of motion (AROM).
In particular, patients with CLBP persisting for more than
6 months restrict trunk movement to minimize pain in the
lumbosacral area or leg, which aggravates the level of lumbarmuscle weakness in paraspinal muscles and the multifidus6).
These changes increase lumbar instability and raise
the recurrence of low back pain. Therefore, abdominal and
spinal extensors are crucial in improving lumbar stability.
Patients with CLBP suffer from deteriorated physical
functions and production activities due to weakened muscle
strength in the lumbar region. Therefore, exercises that increase
muscle strength and flexibility are very important for
CLBP patients not only to alleviate low back pain but also
for continued self-care7). In addition, differences in motor
control patterns, such as poor postural control and altered
muscle recruitment pattern, have been reported.
The CORE exercise program involves active participation
to improve lumbar stability by recovering the ability to
control muscles and movements through muscle strengthening8).
The CORE exercise program, suggested by Brill,
focuses on lumbar stabilization by controlling tension of the
lumbo-pelvic-hip joint, thereby maintaining lumbar stability,
strengthening muscles, increasing endurance, and correcting
posture9).
One method of the CORE exercise program focuses on
abdominal respiration. The abdominal respiration method
supplies oxygen smoothly throughout the body and expands
lumbar muscle, thus reducing muscle tension and
stress, which ultimately alleviates fatigue. The CORE exercise
program can easily be conducted at home with almost
no restrictions regarding place, time, and cost, and hasa low risk of injury9). It is designed to suit CLBP patients
by combining traditional yoga movements and exercises
to increase muscle strength and flexibility, and to correct
posture. However, the effectiveness of Brill’s CORE exercise
program on pain and AROM in CLBP patients remains
unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify the
effects of the CORE exercise program on pain at rest and
during movement and on AROM in patients with CLBP.
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