Constantine and colleagues (2007) introduced nine social justice competencies intended to enhance counseling work with diverse populations in the U.S. Building on the groundbreaking Multicultural Counseling Competencies (MCC, Sue, Arrendondo, & McDavis, 1992), the social justice competencies have a more specific focus on how counselors can intervene at larger systemic levels. These competencies emphasize the political, economic and social structures that underlie the oppressive societal conditions faced by clients from marginalized groups. They also encourage counselors to adopt roles (i.e., community activist, public policy advocate) that facilitate systemic changes, which will ultimately improve the lives of clients from oppressed groups.