The second phase of the study, from 2001 – 2003, was expanded to cover the downstream part of Mae Tao Creek. Cadmium level in soil samples was found to be 72 times European Union (EU) standard and 80 % of rice samples were contaminated with cadmium at the level higher than Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Japanese standards. This concentration of cadmium could lead to 2.8 – 11 times higher than the aforementioned PTWI set by JECFA.