Ethanol concentrations produced in SSF are presented inTable 2.Furthermore, ethanol yields were calculated using equation (2) andpresented in Figs. 5 and 6. The results showed that ethanol wassuccessfully produced from rice straw using M. hiemalis, and thepretreatments are very effective to improve the ethanol produc-tion. Concentration of ethanol was improved from 5.1 g/l for theuntreated straw to 9.5–12.9 g/l for the pretreated straw. As highethanol yield was the target of the current study, relatively low sub-strate and fungal biomass were applied. However, higher ethanolconcentration might be obtained when higher substrate is usedtogether with higher fungal biomass concentration.