It is generally thought that rodents and rabbits do not vomit while dogs, non-human
primates and cats do exhibit this reflex: when stimulated, frequent emesis can affect the
absorption, toxicity and several biochemical measurements. Using oral gavage, where the
gavage tube is correctly sited in the stomach, generally avoids injury to the oesophagus,
particularly in rodents where regurgitation into the oesophagus does not occur. It is well
recognized that exposure by inhalation may result in secondary exposure via the GI tract.
While aqueous vehicles such as water or saline may be preferred, some non-soluble
materials may be administered with other vehicles such as oils or organic solvents which
may exert separate effects. Ingestion of significant quantities of corn oil can increase the
flow of lymph and affect uptake of lipophilic compounds.
In general toxicology studies, the selection of clinical chemistry tests is generally
focused on fluid and electrolyte balance supported by enzyme, carbohydrate, lipid and
protein measurements, but few of the common tests for regulatory studies are specific for
gastrointestinal toxicity (see Chapter 2).
It is generally thought that rodents and rabbits do not vomit while dogs, non-humanprimates and cats do exhibit this reflex: when stimulated, frequent emesis can affect theabsorption, toxicity and several biochemical measurements. Using oral gavage, where thegavage tube is correctly sited in the stomach, generally avoids injury to the oesophagus,particularly in rodents where regurgitation into the oesophagus does not occur. It is wellrecognized that exposure by inhalation may result in secondary exposure via the GI tract.While aqueous vehicles such as water or saline may be preferred, some non-solublematerials may be administered with other vehicles such as oils or organic solvents whichmay exert separate effects. Ingestion of significant quantities of corn oil can increase theflow of lymph and affect uptake of lipophilic compounds.In general toxicology studies, the selection of clinical chemistry tests is generallyfocused on fluid and electrolyte balance supported by enzyme, carbohydrate, lipid andprotein measurements, but few of the common tests for regulatory studies are specific forgastrointestinal toxicity (see Chapter 2).
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