Hein sorted out five main factors in this regard:
(i) the sheer speed and scale in expansion of the shrimp farming;
(ii) the concentration of the farms in certain districts;
(iii) the limited trickle down of economic benefits to the local population, who only
faced the externalities of shrimp farming but could not participate in the development of the sector;
(iv) the lack of planning and regulation for sustainable shrimp farming;
and (v) the lack of enforcement of existing regulations. In the Coastal Zone Policy of
2005, the policy framework mentioned that the government will take effective measures to realise the objectives of poverty reduction through enhancing economic growth in the coastal zone. In that regard ‘available opportunities of the coastal zone will be used
through sustainable management ... by investing in ... shrimp culture...’