When the adoption phase of the policy process has been completed and,
for instance, a bill has been enacted into law by a legislature, we can
begin to refer to something called public policy. Policymaking is not concluded,
however, once a policy decision has been expressed in statutory or other official form. The policies that are embodied in statutes, for example, often are
rudimentary and require much additional development. Thus, the Americans
with Disabilities Act, which prohibited discrimination against the 43 million
Americans with disabilities, has required extensive rule-making to spell out its
requirements by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the
Department of Transportation, the Department of Education, the Federal
Communications Commission, and other agencies. Subsequently, they produced hundreds of pages of detailed rules in the Federal Registenl
With this qualification in mind, we turn to the policy implementation stage
of'the policy process. Implementation (or administration) has been referred to
as “what happens after a bill becomes law." More precisely, implementation
encompasses whatever is done to carry a law into effect, to apply it to the target
population (for example, small businesses or motorcycle operators), and to
achieve its goals. The study of policy implementation is concerned with the
agencies and officials involved, the procedures they follow, the techniques (or
tools) they employ, and the political support and opposition that they
encounterz In so doing, it focuses attention on the day-to-day operation of
government.
There is often considerable uncertainty about what a policy will accomplish, how effective in terms of its goals it will be, or the consequences that it
will have for society. It is this uncertainty th at makes the study of policy implementation interesting and worthwhile. Policy implementation is neither a routine nor a very predictable process. Why some policies succeed and others fail
remains a challenging puzzle.
In actuality, it is frequently difficult, sometimes impossible, to neatly separate a policy's adoption from its implementation. Here again, we may find that
the line between functional activities is smudgy. Statutes sometimes do not do
When the adoption phase of the policy process has been completed and,for instance, a bill has been enacted into law by a legislature, we canbegin to refer to something called public policy. Policymaking is not concluded,however, once a policy decision has been expressed in statutory or other official form. The policies that are embodied in statutes, for example, often arerudimentary and require much additional development. Thus, the Americanswith Disabilities Act, which prohibited discrimination against the 43 millionAmericans with disabilities, has required extensive rule-making to spell out itsrequirements by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, theDepartment of Transportation, the Department of Education, the FederalCommunications Commission, and other agencies. Subsequently, they produced hundreds of pages of detailed rules in the Federal RegistenlWith this qualification in mind, we turn to the policy implementation stageof'the policy process. Implementation (or administration) has been referred toas “what happens after a bill becomes law." More precisely, implementationencompasses whatever is done to carry a law into effect, to apply it to the targetpopulation (for example, small businesses or motorcycle operators), and toachieve its goals. The study of policy implementation is concerned with theagencies and officials involved, the procedures they follow, the techniques (ortools) they employ, and the political support and opposition that they
encounterz In so doing, it focuses attention on the day-to-day operation of
government.
There is often considerable uncertainty about what a policy will accomplish, how effective in terms of its goals it will be, or the consequences that it
will have for society. It is this uncertainty th at makes the study of policy implementation interesting and worthwhile. Policy implementation is neither a routine nor a very predictable process. Why some policies succeed and others fail
remains a challenging puzzle.
In actuality, it is frequently difficult, sometimes impossible, to neatly separate a policy's adoption from its implementation. Here again, we may find that
the line between functional activities is smudgy. Statutes sometimes do not do
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