Gärtner et al compared subjects lycopene response based on a single dose of lycopene from fresh tomatoes or from tomato paste. The study was conducted on two experimental days 2 weeks apart. Five participants consumed a diet low in carotenoids 3 days before the study days. On the study days, subjects fasted overnight and then consumed either 400 g of fresh tomatoes or 40 g of tomato paste, which contained the same amount of lycopene (23 mg), plus 15 g of corn oil and 100 g of bread. The fresh tomatoes were sliced and served as a salad together with the corn oil. For the tomato paste meal, the corn oil was stirred into the tomato paste.