Urban soils are fundamentally different from nonurban soils. We can look to evidence from research on soil formation and taxonomy and soil biogeochemistry to illustrate the differences between urban and nonurban soils. Soil formation is an ecological process that results from the interactions of factors including climate, organisms, parent material, topography, and time that weather parent material into soil mineral particles and add organic matter to soils (Fig. 1; Jenny 1941). Jenny (1941, 1980) suggested that this state factor approach describes soil formation in the absence of humans but also stated that people have the ability to modify the state factors. Although the “organism” factor was initially considered to be insufficient to include the actions of humans, Amundsen and Jenny (1991) include humans as a subset of organisms in a state factor model. More recent advances resulting from urban ecosystem research have altered the state factor model to include the actions of humans in the formation of soils and soil structure, with various conceptualized roles of humans (Fig. 1; Effland & Pouyat 1997; Pickett & Cadenasso in press). Effland and Pouyat (1997) do this by adding an anthropic factor, with people in cities mediating climate, topography, organisms, and time in the formation of urban soils, as well as contributing novel anthropogenic parent materials to soils. Pickett and Cadenasso (in press) take an approach similar to Jenny’s (1941, 1980), where the actions of people modify “natural” soil formation trajectories. However, they describe the more specific anthropogenic influence of disturbance, altered resources, and the creation of heterogeneity on all five of the soil formation factors to yield both novel and modified urban soil types. The main point with either approach to conceptualizing the genesis of urban soils is to highlight that the end result of urbanization is to produce novel soils.
Urban soils are fundamentally different from nonurban soils. We can look to evidence from research on soil formation and taxonomy and soil biogeochemistry to illustrate the differences between urban and nonurban soils. Soil formation is an ecological process that results from the interactions of factors including climate, organisms, parent material, topography, and time that weather parent material into soil mineral particles and add organic matter to soils (Fig. 1; Jenny 1941). Jenny (1941, 1980) suggested that this state factor approach describes soil formation in the absence of humans but also stated that people have the ability to modify the state factors. Although the “organism” factor was initially considered to be insufficient to include the actions of humans, Amundsen and Jenny (1991) include humans as a subset of organisms in a state factor model. More recent advances resulting from urban ecosystem research have altered the state factor model to include the actions of humans in the formation of soils and soil structure, with various conceptualized roles of humans (Fig. 1; Effland & Pouyat 1997; Pickett & Cadenasso in press). Effland and Pouyat (1997) do this by adding an anthropic factor, with people in cities mediating climate, topography, organisms, and time in the formation of urban soils, as well as contributing novel anthropogenic parent materials to soils. Pickett and Cadenasso (in press) take an approach similar to Jenny’s (1941, 1980), where the actions of people modify “natural” soil formation trajectories. However, they describe the more specific anthropogenic influence of disturbance, altered resources, and the creation of heterogeneity on all five of the soil formation factors to yield both novel and modified urban soil types. The main point with either approach to conceptualizing the genesis of urban soils is to highlight that the end result of urbanization is to produce novel soils.
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