3.We experimented with a number of alternative measures for several ofthese variables. Market risk was measured as the percentage standard deviation of the share returns (total risk), and income gearing was used to measure the agency costs of debt. Political costs were also proxied using market share and capital intensity variables. Capital intensity was measured based On both fixed assets and total physical assets. In addition, in recognition of the fact that rising prices may bias these measures downwards, one minus a measure Of labour intensity was also used. Finally, alternative measures of outside ownership control used were the percentage owned by the five largest single Outside shareholdings and the percentage of non-executive directors.