Lytic peptides were detected in such genetically modified grapevines using ELISA, and enhanced PD resistance was observed in repeated greenhouse trials and field tests for several years [69]. A chimeric peptide to incorporate bacterial resistance was developed by fusing a pear-derived bacterial cell surface recognition domain with a cecropin derived lytic domain [90]. A significant reduction in bacterial colonization and leaf scorching symptoms associated with PD were observed in modified ‘Thompson Seedless’ and ‘Chardonnay’grapevines in the greenhouse environment, however resistance in the field was not reported.