Self-instruction
Self-instruction refers to “learning without a teacher” (Little, 1991: 3); or “learning without the direct control of a
teacher” (Dickinson, 1987: 5). Benson (2006) defines this term from two senses. In the narrow sense, self-instruction
refers to the use of printed or broadcast self-study materials. In a broader sense, it refers to situations in which
learners undertake language study largely or entirely without the aid of teachers.