What happens when there is a clash between one’s cultural views and the views expressed in western-influenced
depictions of NOS and SI? To answer this question, a sequential mixed method is conducted to investigate
the differences and cognitive stages of views of NOS and SI held by science teachers from Shanghai and Chicago,
as well as the correlation and cultural differences between two kinds of scientific understanding. Standardized
paper-and-pencil assessment is composed of multiple-choice questions in the form of closed-ended items, which