Carotenoids also play an essential role in attracting insects and herbivores that act as floral pollinators and seed dispersion vehicles, including the consumption of plant organs such as ripe fruits as food by humans. When carotenoid-rich foods are ingested, carotenoids are assimilated, metabolized, transported in the plasma by lipoproteins, and stored in various tissues [3] where they display biological activities including acting as antioxidants and free-radical scavengers, reducing the risk of certain types of cancers, and promoting immune responses