in which responses reflect more the examinee ’s tendency to respond in a certain biased direction.
In a review of the literature, Koss (1979) concluded that, although response sets can and do exist, the examinee’s tendency to respond accurately to the item content is far stronger. The MMPI-2 restandardization committee has also developed the Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN) and True Response Inconsistency (TRIN) scales to help detect invalid profiles caused by inconsistent or contradictory responding. These scales have been specifically designed to detect either response acquiescence or response nonacquiescence and thus should help counter the potential complications resulting from imbalanced keying.