Cottonseed meal is another good source of protein that is becoming more readily available in Virginia. Cottonseed meal is slightly lower in protein content than soybean meal. Whole cottonseed is also high in energy and fiber. Whole cottonseeds may also be fed to cattle, but whole cottonseed contains only half the protein of cottonseed meal and are high in fat. Because of the gossypol content, cottonseed meal or whole cottonseed are not recommended as a protein supplement for young bulls due to detrimental effects on reproduction
High to moderate protein by-products include distiller’s grains, brewer’s grains, corn gluten meal, poultry litter, feather meal, and fishmeal.
Poultry litter is potentially the cheapest protein supplement available in the Southeast. It contains moderate levels of protein and marginal to adequate levels of energy. As long as it is properly deep-stacked before feeding, it contains no harmful bacteria or other pathogens. When mixed with a high-energy grain, it is an excellent feedstuff for beef cows and stockers. Because of high levels of calcium, phosphorus, and copper, special mineral mixes are needed when feeding high levels of poultry litter.