Macaque groups were also classified according to whether they were provisioned or not. Provisioned groups were those that were observed directly to receive food from humans, forage in artificial human food sources, or respond to the researcher(s)’ presented food cue using plastic bags. Non-provisioned groups were those that were not observed to receive food from humans, were not observed or reported to forage in human habitats, and did not show any obvious interest to human food-source cues.