Positive affectivity was operationalized using three items from Agho et al. (1992).
One sample item is “I live a very interesting life”. Intrinsic motivation was assessed
using four items from Low et al. (2001). One sample item is “When I do work well, it
gives me a feeling of accomplishment”, eight items from Maslach and Jackson (1981)
were used to measure emotional exhaustion. Sample items are “I feel used up at the end
of the workday” and “I feel frustrated by my job”. Responses to the items in positive
affectivity, intrinsic motivation, and emotional exhaustion were elicited on five-point
scales ranging from 5 (strongly agree) to 1 (strongly disagree). Higher scores indicated
higher positive affectivity, intrinsic motivation, and emotional exhaustion. Consistent
with the work of Baba et al. (1999), depression was assessed via 20 items from the
CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression) scale developed by Radloff
(1977). Sample items are “I felt depressed”, “I felt fearful”, “I felt that people dislike me”,
and “I felt hopeful about the future”. Response options for these items ranged from 4
(most or all of the time) and 1 (rarely or none of the time). After four positively worded
items in depression had been reverse scored, higher scores indicated higher depression.