Specifically, in THP-1 macrophages, HODA-PC exhibited 8.5-fold less toxicity compared to HNE (177 μM HODA-PC versus 21 μM native HNE) and ODA-PC exhibited 11.7-fold less toxicity compared to ONE (246 μM ODA-PC versus 20.3 μM native ONE) [42] [C. Lawrence, unpublished results]