Prenatal stress and perinatal outcomes—Maternal stress and anxiety during pregnancy has been associated with:
shorter gestation & higher incidence of preterm birth
smaller birth weight and length
increased risk of miscarriage
Prenatal stress and infant outcomes—Prospective studies have shown that maternal stress and anxiety during pregnancy are related to infant outcomes such as:
temperamental problems and increased fussiness
problems with attention, attention regulation, and emotional reactivity
lower scores on measures of mental development