The evolution in participant thinking regarding different aspects of online education. Because participants were charged with designing an online course, one measure of success of the learning technology by design approach is a change in participants thinking about the subject of their design challenge—in this case, online teaching and learning. We would expect learners to start with somewhat simplistic ideas about moving from face-to-face to online teaching. However, we would also expect this to change with their participation in the learning by design course.