Parental Attachment Scale (PAS): This 12 item scale, developed by the researcher, was based upon a literature review and data from focus group discussions. Items included statements such as: “My parents do not understand me;” and “I respect my parents.” The instrument was scored using a 4- point Likert-like scale, which ranged from 1 = not true to 4 = very true. The four negatively stated items were reverse scored prior to data analysis. To obtain a total score, all item responses were summed, giving a possible range of scores from 12 to 48. Higher scores suggested a more positive attachment to parents.