Based on a traditional 40-hour work week, people generally spend more than half of their
waking hours at work. During this time, they encounter a number of social, psychological, and
physical factors that influence their health and wellbeing (Beehr & Newman, 1978; Griffin-
Blake, Tucker, & Liburd, 2006). Lazarus (1995) classified these influences as harm and
threat(which can lead to stress) and challenge (which differs from stress). Whereas harm refers to
past damage or loss, threat refers to anticipated loss or damage. In contrast