MSM reported being afraid to walk down streets in their own community most commonly in Botswana , but also to a lesser extent in Malawi and in Namibia (p,0.05). Overall 42.1% (222/ 527) of MSM answered yes to any of these markers of human rights violation. 12.2% (65/533) of the total sample indicated that they had been physically abused by a government or police official, with the highest rates in Namibia (p,0.05). Finally, 11.4% (61/ 534) of the sample reported ever having been raped by another man, with similar rates across the three sites.