Denial of Service: A probabilistic measure to counter
collisions is to rely on random back-offs which decrease the
rate of collisions. As reported in, one of the most promising
solutions for reducing collisions is rate limiting in MAC and
using small frame sizes. Some researchers proposed several
mechanisms that identify such malfunctioned and misbehave
nodes based on the rating of how well they are performing
services as requested and help routing protocols avoid them.
Virtual currency systems use currency to pay nodes (payment
ismade by the sender) who forward the messages of
sendernodes. The advantage of this method is that it
discouragesnodes from flooding packets in the systems.