AEC = 3.941 · VO2 + 1.106 VCO2 · AEC= 3.941·VO2 + 1.106·VCO2 to obtain kcal from oxygen uptake [15]. This equation was used
when the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was <1, while an oxygen caloric equivalent of 5.04 was
used when RER became >1. In this case, it was assumed that all aerobic energy was derived from
carbohydrate oxidation. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) was considered as the attainment of at
least two of the following criteria: (1) a plateau in VO2 despite increasing speed (<80 mL·min−1);
(2) a respiratory exchange ratio (RER) above 1.10; and (3) a heart rate (HR) ± 10 beats·min−1 of
predicted maximum HR calculated as 220-age [16]. Calculation of VO2max was carried out during the
last 30s of the last exercise step.
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