As we mentioned in Section 26.4.5, there have been a number of benchmarks that have suggested OODBMSs provide significant performance improvements over relational DBMSs. For example, in 1989 and 1990, the OO1 benchmark was run on the OODBMSs GemStone, Ontos, ObjectStore, Objectivity/DB, and Versant, and the RDBMSs INGRES and Sybase. The results showed an average 30-fold performance improvement for the OODBMS over the RDBMS, although it has been argued that this difference in per- formance can be attributed to architecture-based differences, as opposed to model-based differences. However, dynamic binding and garbage collection in OODBMSs may com- promise this performance improvement.