2. Methods2.1. Study siteThis study was undertaken in central Suthep-Pui National Park(18470–18500N, 98530–98550E), which is situated 1265–1500 mabove mean sea level on Mount Pui, about 10 km west of ChiangMai, northern Thailand. The mean annual temperature and rainfallare approximately 20 C and 1700 mm, respectively (Kume et al.,2007). The area has two main seasons: a wet season (May–October)and a dry season (mean monthly rainfall <100 mm, November–April). The dry season is subdivided into cool–dry(November–January) and hot–dry sub-seasons (February–April)(Kuaraksa et al., 2012). Originally, the study site had been coveredwith lower tropical montane forest (Bunyavejchewin et al., 2011),which was cleared in the 1980s to provide land for the cultivationof cabbages, corn, potatoes, and other cash crops by local hill-tribepeoples. This information was confirmed following an interviewwith the national park officer. The national park office has subsequentlyallowed local people to continue to cultivate within thenational park area, although some of these cultivated areas havebeen abandoned and allowed to recover to secondary forests. Someprimary forests still remain in this area (e.g., Kog Ma ExperimentalWatershed) as scattered primary forest fragments among the secondaryforests.In the primary forests at the Kog Ma Experimental Watershed,Fagaceae and Lauraceae have the greatest dominance and speciesร่ำรวย (Bunyavejchewin et al., 2011) มีป่ารองครอบงำ โดยต้นไม้ Fagaceae และ Lauraceae กันบางพุ่ม และ herbaceous หรือหญ้าพันธุ์ (ตร้อยเอ็ด al., 2003)ในปี 1990 อุทยานแห่งชาติปลูกกล้าไม้และต้นไม้ประสงค์ในบางรองป่าไม้ (ประมาณอายุ 15 ปี) แก่ป่าและส่งเสริมฟื้นฟู ต้นไม้ planted มีพันธุ์พื้นเมืองเช่น Castanopsis acuminatissima, Betula alnoidesCinnamomum iners มะพลับว้าก
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