Paper and pencil honesty testing may also help companies predict white collar crime. Subjects in one study included 329 federal prison inmates incarcerated for white collar crime and 344 individuals from several Midwestern firms employed in white collar positions. Three instruments were administered including the California psychological inventory ( a personality inventory) the employment inventory ( a second personality inventory) and a biodata scale. The researchers concluded that there are large and measurable psychological differences between white collar offenders and nonoffenders and that it was possible to construct a personality based integrity test to differentiate between the two