A similar conceptualization is found in the work of Kuhlemeier & Hemker (2007). They developed the ISFS (Internet skills for schools) test that analyses the digital skills students need in the lower grades. In their test they distinguish four domains of skills, namely: Internet searching skills, communication skills, the use of Internet-related terminology and understanding the window principles of webpages. The last two skills depend on the first two skills, because use of Internet-related terminology and understanding window principles are prerequisite skills for Internet searching and communication skills.
Other scholars, as Steyaert (2000) and van Dijk (2005), have elaborated on defining Internet skills by distinguishing between (1) instrumental/operational, (2) structural/informational and (3) strategic skills. The Ph.D. research of van Deursen (2010) is based on the classification of Steyaert (2000) and van Dijk (2005), in which he makes a distinction between two kinds of skills, being medium-related and content-related skills. The medium-related skills are operational and formal skills. Content-related skills equate information and strategic skills. Operational skills are the ‘basic’ skills to use different kind of media, while formal skills refer to the skills to deal with the formal characteristics (for example Internet menus or hyperlinks) of Internet. Information skills cover the skills to search, select and evaluate information online. Furthermore, strategic skills must be seen in terms of achieving specific goals and improving a person’s status in society (van Deursen & van Dijk, 2010).