gauging whether articles indeed appeared to concern attitudes toward older adults in Eastern or Western societies. After removing duplicate references, we examined 124 potentially eligible full-text articles to see if they fully met inclusion criteria. Of these articles, 84 were excluded: 26 due to being purely qualitative and thus lacking quantitative information for effect size calculation, 21 due to lacking a cross-cultural focus, 25 that lacked East–West comparison specifically, and 12 that did not concern attitudes toward aging or older adults.