Educator instructional practices have also been related to
student learning of higher-order cognitive skills. Instruction that
provides students with multiple and ideally diverse opportunities
to practice higher-order cognitive skills (IP#3) is considered a
requirement for the development of these skills (Aschbacher &
Roth, 2002). Across elementary to high school settings, instructional
practices that engage students in reflective metacognitive
activities and have carefully aligned learning goals have been
attributed to increases in students’ higher-order cognitive skills
(IP#4) (Bingham et al., 2010; Toth, Suthers, & Lesgold, 2002; Zohar
& Nemet, 2002).