Hence, hydrogen production from biomethane is deemed
to be interesting mainly in the introduction phase of hydrogen
where it could be a relatively cost effective alternative. The
biomass demand for producing the biofuels in the Swedish
transport sector was not included in the scope of this article,
but it was assumed that a range of biofuels will be utilized.
The biomass demand for producing the hydrogen is, however,
relatively modest in comparison to the 115 TWh of biomass
(excluding peat and waste) used for energy purposes in Sweden
in 2011 [1], and only about 75% of the growth in the
Swedish forests is harvested [49]. Thus, it is likely that forest
biomass will be available for producing fuel for the transport
sector. Further exploration and comparison of the interactions
between the three discussed energy carriers and
the energy system are relevant, such as the heat integration
and load balancing of the power system,
but was not included in this article. Overall, considering the Swedish conditions
with a large sector for bioenergy and a relatively high share of
renewable energy sources in the electricity sector (see Section
1), it seems realistic to cover the assumed hydrogen demand
in the Swedish transport sector with a single renewable energy
source or a mix of several of them. If FCEVs replaced all
vehicles in the four vehicle categories except heavy and long
distance transports (Fig. 2), a rough estimate would be that
three times more hydrogen would be needed, as FCEVs make
up about a third of each of the categories in the original
scenario.