Similarly, the role of study setting was also moderated by
rating source. That is, despite our finding of no significant
impact of study setting overall, we did find significant differences
when we broke down the analysis by rating source. We
expected that men would be seen as more effective leaders than
Figure 2. Scatterplot of percent of male raters and effect sizes.
1138 PAUSTIAN-UNDERDAHL, WALKER, AND WOEHR
women when comparing results from organizational data to
those of laboratory data, due to the effects of cognitive load in
increasing the use of think manager–think male stereotypes
in organizations. However, we found that, in 64 studies, women
were rated (by others) as significantly more effective than men
in organizational settings, while the gender difference was not
significantly different in 10 laboratory studies. Thus, perhaps
the notion that cognitive load leads to the increased use of
stereotypes holds true; however, rather than relying on stereotypes
of men’s greater leadership effectiveness, organizational
members may rely upon a different, newer stereotype: that
women are more effective leaders.