Cell counting and dry weight
Cells were enumerated with a MultisizerTM3 Coulter Counter (Beckman Coulter, CA, USA).
Proteomic analyses
Cells were sampled several times during the course of retentostat cultivation (Supplementary Figs. S1 and S2). The procedures for protein analysis and identification were performed as described in Ref.
Statistical analysis
Normalization
Abundances of proteins detected in retentostat and batch experiments were normalized according to the procedure described in Ref.