The current state of the art in the packaging of ornamental ¢sh focuses mainly on the control of metabolic waste products to reduce the stress imposed on the ¢sh during transport. The existing packaging system is characterized by a very high ¢sh loading density,which helps to reduce the freight cost of the ¢sh consignment, but at the same time, leads to very high ammonia and carbon dioxide, and low pH in the transport water at unpacking. Deterioration of water quality may cause severe stress to the ¢sh and would result in about 10% cumulative mortality at 7 dayspost shipment.