(Accounting Standard for Financial
Instruments 18, 20-21)
The carrying values of securities are determined using market values, and
the valuation differences are recognised (after considering
deferred tax) by one of the following
methods:
► the total amount is directly
recorded as part of net assets
(not through P&L);
► valuation gains, where the
market value exceeds acquisition
cost, are recognised as a part of
net assets. Valuation losses,
where the market value is below acquisition cost, are recognised
as a loss in the current period.