This study has several limitations. One of the most important
limitations is *te use of a convenience sample obtained in *re Ios Angeles areaand thus may not be representative of young
adult hookah smokers in the United States or other parts of the
wodd. Second, information presented is subjective data and
is mainly based on self-reports without checks of reliability.
Third, there were no conuol or comparison groups to compare
the perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and preferences ofhookah
smokers toward hookah smoking. Finally, no physiological
measures or verification of self-report level of hookah smok-ing were conducted.