failure regardless if the onset feature was chronic or acute. Our results demonstrated that AAI-induces DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase through
p53-independent pathway in LLC-PK1 cells, prior to cellular apoptosis or necrosis. This study of the molecular mechanism of AAI-induced toxicity in LLC-PK1
cells might explain paucicellular interstitial fibrosis and limited tubular regeneration in the clinical presentation of AAI-associated nephrotoxicity.